Science

Higgs Boson

The Higgs boson or Higgs particle is an elementary particle proposed in the Standard Model of particle physics. It is named in honor of Peter Higgs who, along with others, proposed in 1964, now called the Higgs mechanism to explain the origin of mass of elementary particles. The Higgs boson is the quantum of the Higgs field, (the smallest possible field excitation). Under the proposed model, has no spin, electric charge or color, is very unstable and quickly decays, its half-life is around zeptosegundo. In some variants of the Standard Model bosons can be several Higgs.
The existence of the Higgs boson and the associated Higgs field would be the simplest of several methods Standard Model of particle physics that attempt to explain the reason for the existence of mass in elementary particles. This theory suggests that a field permeates all space, and elementary particles acquire mass interact with it, while those who do not interact with it, do not. In particular, this mechanism justifies the enormous mass of the W and Z vector bosons, as well as the absence of mass of the photon. Both W and Z particles, like the photon is massless bosons own, the first showing a huge mass that interact strongly with the Higgs field, and the photon shows no mass at all because it does not interact with the Higgs field.
The Higgs boson has been a long search in particle physics. If proved its existence, the model would be complete. If it is established that there is, other proposed models in which the Higgs is not involved could be considered.
On July 4, 2012, CERN announced the observation of a new particle "consistent with the Higgs boson," but it would take more time and data to confirmarlo.1 The March 14, 2013 CERN, with two times more data at its disposal in the announcement of the discovery in July 2012, found that the new particle is seen increasingly as the Higgs boson. The way you interact with other particles and their quantum properties, along with measures interactions with other particles, strongly indicate that a Higgs boson. There remains the question of whether the Higgs Standard Model Higgs or perhaps the lightest of several bosons predicted in some theories that go beyond the Standard Model.

Nanotube

The more than 600 known moai carved by ancient Rapa Nui are distributed throughout the island. Most of them were carved in tuff of Rano Raraku, where 397 moai remain more in various stages of completion. Everything indicates that the quarry was abandoned suddenly and half were statues in the rock styling. Virtually all finished moai were subsequently toppled by native islanders in the period following the end of construction.
At first, these giant statues also had some tufts and bows of red stone, called pukao over 10 tons, which were extracted from the crater of Puna Pau, sometimes far from the statues. Furthermore, after rising up due to the proper height set on the tops.
In 1978, it was discovered that, in the eye sockets, usually placed coral plates for eyes. These were removed, destroyed, buried or thrown into the sea, where also found. This is consistent with the theory that the same people were shot down, perhaps during tribal wars.
The first European sailors in the early eighteenth century, reached Easter Island could not believe what they were seeing. In this small area of ​​land, hundreds of huge statues discovered on the surface of the island.

Dark Matter

In astrophysics and physical cosmology, dark matter is referred to the hypothetical matter that does not emit enough electromagnetic radiation to be detected with current technology, but whose existence can be inferred from gravitational effects on visible matter cause, such as stars or galaxies, and in the anisotropies of the cosmic microwave background in the universe. Do not confuse dark matter with dark energy.
According to current observations (2010) of structures larger than a galaxy, as well as Big Bang cosmology, dark matter is of the order of 21% of the mass of the observable universe and dark energy 70%.
Dark matter was proposed by Fritz Zwicky in 1933 to evidence of "invisible mass" affecting the orbital velocities of galaxies in clusters. Subsequently, other observations have indicated the presence of dark matter in the universe: these observations include that speed of rotation of galaxies, gravitational lensing of background objects by galaxy clusters such as the Bullet Cluster (1E 0657 - 56) and the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies.
Dark matter also plays a central role in structure formation and galaxy evolution, and has measurable effects on the anisotropy of the microwave background radiation. All these evidence suggest that galaxies, clusters of galaxies and the entire universe contains far more matter than that which interacts with electromagnetic radiation: the remainder is called the "dark matter component."
The composition of dark matter is unknown, but may include ordinary and heavy neutrinos, recently postulated elementary particles such as WIMPs and axions, astronomical bodies such as dwarf stars, planets (collectively called MACHO) and non-luminous gas clouds. Current evidence favors models in which the primary component of dark matter is new elementary particles collectively called non-baryonic dark matter.
The dark matter component has much more mass than the component "visible" of the Universe. At present, ordinary bariones density and radiation in the universe are estimated to be equivalent to about one hydrogen atom per cubic meter of space. Only about 5% of the total energy density in the Universe (inferred from gravitational effects) can be seen directly. It is estimated that around 23% is composed of dark matter. The remaining 72% is thought to consist of dark energy, an even stranger component, distributed diffusely in space. Some difficult to detect baryonic matter makes a contribution to the dark matter, although some authors argue that is only a small portion. Even so, it should be noted that 5% of estimated baryonic matter (half of it has not been detected) can be considered baryonic dark matter: All the stars, galaxies and gas observable form less than half of the baryons (which is supposed to be) and it is believed that all this stuff can be distributed at low density gaseous filaments forming a network throughout the universe and whose nodes are the various clusters of galaxies. In May 2008, the XMM-Newton telescope of the European Space Agency has found evidence of the existence of such a network of filaments.
The determination of the nature of this invisible mass is one of the most important issues of modern cosmology and particle physics. It has been shown that the names "dark matter" and "dark energy" serve mainly as expressions of our ignorance, almost like the first maps labeled "Terra incognita".

Artificial Organ

An artificial organ is an artificial device that is implanted or integrated into a human to replace the body of a person, with the purpose of restoring a specific function or group of related functions so the patient can return to a life so normal as possible. Substitution function does not necessarily have to be related to life support.
This definition implies that the device must be continuously connected to a stationary power source, or other fixed resources, such as filters or chemical processing units (the newspaper of fast battery recharge, recharge of chemicals and / or cleaning / replacing filters, exclude that a device could be called as artificial organ). Thus, a dialysis machine, although it is a life support device very successful and critically important to completely replace the functions of a kidney, not an artificial organ. At this time there is no available efficient and self-contained artificial kidney.
The biomedical engineering degree gives you opportunity to make the manufacture of these devices to support health. The biomedical engineer is able to understand the workings of the human body and use the technology that we have to improve health. With artificial organs will be able to cure various diseases and make transplants more easily and the patient will not have to wait long to receive the transplant.

Dolly Sheep

The sheep Dolly (July 5, 1996 - February 14, 2003) was the first mammal cloned from an adult cell. Its creators were scientists at the Roslin Institute of Edinburgh (Scotland), Ian Wilmut and Keith Campbell. His birth was not announced until seven months later, on February 23, 1997.
It was actually a result of a combination sheep nuclear from a donor cell to a differentiated and enucleated unfertilized egg (no nucleus). The cell from which Dolly was coming and differentiated or specialized, from a particular tissue, the mammary gland of an adult animal (a sheep End Dorset six years), which was a novelty. Until then it was believed that you could only get clones of an embryonic cell, ie unskilled. Five months after Dolly was born, that was the only lamb of 277 mergers resulting enucleated egg with mammary cell nuclei.

Dolly lived always at the Roslin Institute. There was crossed with a male Welsh Mountain to produce six offspring in total. From her first birth born "Bonnie", in April 1998. The next year Dolly produced twin "Sally" & "Rosie", and the next birth triplets: "Lucy", "Darcy" & "Cotton". In the fall of 2001, at age five, Dolly developed arthritis beginning to walk painfully, being successfully treated with anti-inflammatory drugs.